Vol. 7, No. 15, p. 43-57 - Apr. 30, 2020
Nutritional, phytoconstituents, and free radical scavenging potentials of Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. leaves
Agada Adaeze Bob-Chile and Peter Uchenna Amadi
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the essential oil components, protein qualities, fatty acid composition, and free radical scavenging potentials of leaves of Cola lepidota K. Schum. (Malvaceae) and Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (Irvingiaceae) using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Thirty five bioactive components were isolated from C. lepidota leaves with myrcene, phytol, ephedrine, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,14-tetradecanediol as the main compounds while phytol, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-, 1-hexadecyne, carotene, and humulene were the predominant components of the I. gabonensis leaves. Leucine and arginine were the predominant essential amino acids, whereas glutamic acid and serine were the main non-essential amino acids in both leaves. The total amino acid (TAA) (70.92 g/100g), total non-essential amino acid (TNEAA) (45.87 g/100 g), and total acidic amino acid (TAAA) (23.01 g/100 g) of C. lepidota were high whereas I. gabonensis recorded higher Total essential amino acid (TEAA) (28.98 g/100 g), total aromatic amino acid (TArAA) (7.21 g/100 g), total branched chain amino acid (TBCAA) (14.28 g/100g), predicted protein efficiency ratios (P-PERs), and essential amino acid index (EAAI). C. lepidota contained 55.72% of unsaturated fatty acids, with predominance of linolenic and linoleic acids, while I. gabonensis produced 74.46% of saturated fatty acids, having myristic, lauric, and palmitic acid as the main compounds. All the radical scavenging potentials of both leaves were concentration dependent and produced higher DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials than the standards. This study has thus provided the scientific backing for the inclusion of both leaves for dietary and therapeutic purposes.
Keywords
Cola lepidota; Monkey kola; Irvingia gabonensis; Bush mango; Essential oil; Amino acids; Fatty acids;
Free radicals.
DOI
10.21472/bjbs(2020)071505
Full text
PDF
References
Abdulmalik, O.; Safo, M. K.; Chen, Q.; Yang, J.; Brugnara, C.; Ohene-Frempong, K.; Abraham, D. J.; Asakura, T.
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural modifies intracellular sickle haemoglobin and inhibits sickling of red blood cells.
British Journal of Haematology, v. 128, no. 4, p. 552-61, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05332.x
Adeyeye, E. I. Effect of cooking and roasting on the amino acid composition of raw groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea) seeds. Acta Scientarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, v. 9, no. 2, p. 201-216, 2010.
Agomuo, E. N.; Amadi, P. U.; Iheka, C. U.; Duru, M. K. Impact of different processing methods on the micronutrient
properties of selected legumes consumed in Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Biological Research,
v. 5, no. 1, p. 10-14, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v5i1.6711
Alam, N. N.; Jahan, B.; Rafiquzzaman, M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant
activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, v. 21, no. 2, p 143-152, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002
Aluko, B. T.; Oloyede, O. I.; Afolayan, A. J. Polyphenolic contents and free radical scavenging potential of extracts
from leaves of Ocimum americanum L. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 16, p. 22-30, 2013.
https://10.3923/pjbs.2013.22.30
Amadi, B. A.; Njoku, U. C.; Agumuo, E. N.; Amadi, P. U.; Ezendiokwere, O. E.; Nwauche, K. T. Assessment of vitamins,
protein quality and mineral bioavailability of matured stems of Opuntia dillenii grown in Nigeria.
Bioengineering and Bioscience, v. 5, no. 3, p. 47-54, 2017.
Andersen, F. A. Final report on the safety assessment of azulene. International Journal of Toxicology, v. 18,
no. 3, p. 27-32, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1177/109158189901800304
Benitez, L. V. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles in aquaculture nutrition studies. In: Silva, S. S. (Ed). Fish
nutrition research in Asia: Proceedings of the third Asian Fish Nutrition Network Meeting, 1989. p. 23-35.
Chavan, U. D.; Mckenzie, D. B.; Shahidi, F. Functional properties of protein isolates from beach pea (Lathyrus
maritius L). Food Chemistry, v, 74, p. 177-187, 2001.
Chi-Mei, K.; Jin-Yuarn, L. Farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol in herbal plants, exerts anti-inflammatory and antiallergic
effects on ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged asthmatic mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, v. 2015, Article ID 387357, 12 pages, 2015. https://doi:10.1155/2015/387357
Costa, J. P.; Islam, M. T.; Santos, P. S.; Ferreira, P. B.; Oliveira, G. L.; Alencar, M. V.; Paz, M. F.; Ferreira, E. L.;
Feitosa, C. M.; Citó, A. M.; Sousa, D. P.; Melo-Cavalcante, A. A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of phytol
using non- and pre-clinical models. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, v. 17, no. 14, p. 1278-1284, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201017666161019155715
Ezeasor, C. K.; Chukwuma, C.; Ekere, S. O.; Abah, P. Subchronic toxicity studies of aqueous leaf and stem bark extract of
Irvingia gabonensis in male albino Wistar rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology, v. 26, p. 553–559, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-017-2417-3
Fernandes, E. S.; Passos, G. F.; Medeiros, R.; Cunha, F. M.; Ferreira, J.; Campos, M. M.; Pianowski, L. F.; Calixto, J. B.
Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and (-)-trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil of
Cordia verbenacea. European Journal of Pharmacology, v. 569, no. 3, p. 228-236, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.059
Grivetti, L. E.; Ogle, B. M. Value of traditional foods in meeting macro- and micronutrient needs: The wild plant connection.
Nutrition Research Review, v. 13, no. 1, p. 31-46, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1079/095442200108728990
Harborne, J. B.; Baxter, H. (Ed.). Chemical dictionary of economic plants. New York: Wiley, 2001.
Ijarotimi, O. S.; Olopade, A. J. Determination of amino acid content and protein quality of complementary food produced
from locally available food materials in Ondo State, Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, v. 15, no. 1,
p. 87-95, 2009.
Lechartier, B.; Hartkoorn, R. C.; Cole, S. T. In vitro combination studies of benzothiazinone lead compound BTZ043
against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, v. 56, no. 11, p. 5790-5793, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01476-12
Inyang, U. E. Nutrient content of four lesser: Known green leafy vegetables consumed by Efik and Ibibio People in Nigeria.
Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, v. 24, no. 1, p. 1-5, 2016.
Joshi, A. R.; Joshi, K. Piscicidal plants of Bagmati watershed, Nepal: Indigenous practices. Ethnobotany, v. 17,
p. 184-186, 2005.
Kedare, S. B.; Singh, R. P. Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and
Technology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 412-422, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0251-1
Lowe, A. J.; Gillies, A. C. M.; Wilson, J.; Dawson, I. K. Conservation genetics of bush mango from Central/West Africa:
Implications for RAPD analysis. Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 7, p. 831-841, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00936.x
Mei, F.; Xing, X.-F.; Tang, Q.-F.; Chen, F.-L.; Guo, Y.; Song, S.; Tan, X.-M.; Luo, J.-B. Antipyretic and anti-asthmatic
activities of traditional Chinese herb-pairs, Ephedra and Gypsum. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, v. 22,
no. 6, p. 445-450, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1952-x
Mesa, C.; Fernández, L. E. Challenges facing adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. Immunology & Cell Biology,
v. 82, p. 644-650, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01279.x
Mukhopadhyaya, A. K.; Hatib, A. K.; Tamizharasua, W.; Satya, B. P. Larvicidal properties of cashew nut shell liquid
(Anacardium occidentale L.) on immature stages of two mosquito species. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases,
v. 47, no. 4, p. 257-260, 2010.
Ngondi, J. L.; Etoundi, B. C.; Nyangono, C. B.; Mbofung, C. M.; Oben, J. E. IGOB131, a novel seed extract of the west
African plant Irvingia gabonensis, significantly reduces body weight and improves metabolic parameters in
overweight humans in a randomized doubleblind placebo controlled investigation. Lipids in Health and Disease,
v. 2, no. 8, Article 7, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-8-7
Nielson, S. S. Introduction to the chemical analysis of foods. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2002.
Omoyeni, O. A.; Olaofe, O.; Akinyeye, R. O. Amino acid composition of ten commonly eaten indigenous leafy vegetables of
South-West Nigeria. World Journal of Nutrition and Health, v. 3, no. 1, p. 16-21, 2015. https://doi.org/10.12691/jnh-3-1-3
Orsavova, J.; Misurcova, L.; Ambrozova, J. V.; Vicha, R.; Mlcek, J. Fatty acids composition of vegetable oils and its
contribution to dietary energy intake and dependence of cardiovascular mortality on dietary intake of fatty acids.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v. 16, no. 6, p. 12871-12890, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160612871
Pamplona-Roger, G. D. Encyclopedia of foods and their healing power. Madrid: Education and Health Library, 2008.
Pellegrini, N.; Serafini, M.; Colombi, B.; Del Rio, D.; Salvatore, S.; Bianchi, M. Total antioxidant capacity of plant
foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. The Journal of
Nutrition, v. 133, p. 2812-2819, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.9.2812
Ping, W.; Shu, R. J.; Jing, Q.; Qiu, X. W.; Peng, W.; Zhi, Q. Z. Stereoselective degradation of ethofumesate in turfgrass and
soil. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 82, no. 3, p. 197-204, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.02.007
Rama Rao, M. V.; Tara, M. R.; Krishnan, C. K. Colour imetric estimation of tryptophan content of pulses. Journal of Food
Science and Technology, v. 11, p. 13-216, 1974.
Rosen, E. D.; Spiegelman, B. M. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,
v. 16, p. 145-171, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.145
Ruch, R. J.; Cheng, S. J.; Klaunig, J. E. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intracellular communication by antioxidant
catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis, v. 10, p. 1003-1008, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.6.1003
Shekelle, P. G.; Hardy, M. L.; Morton, S. C.; Maglione, M.; Mojica, W. A.; Suttorp, M. J.; Rhodes, S. L.; Jungvig, L.;
Gagné, J. Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance: A meta-analysis.
JAMA, v. 289, no. 12, p. 1537-1545, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.12.1537
Shimada, K.; Fujikawa, K.; Yahara, K.; Nakamura, T. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean
oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 40, p. 945-948, 1992.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00018a005
Silva, R. O.; Sousa, F. B.; Damasceno, S. R.; Carvalho, N. S.; Silva, V. G.; Oliveira, F. R.; Sousa, D. P.; Aragão,
K. S.; Barbosa, A. L.; Freitas, R. M.; Medeiros, J. V. Phytol, a diterpene alcohol, inhibits the inflammatory response by
reducing cytokine production and oxidative stress. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, v. 28, no. 4,
p. 455-464, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12049
Singh, B.; Gupta, V.; Bansal, P.; Singh, R.; Kumer, D. Pharmacological potential of plant used as aphrodisiacs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, v. 5, no. 1, p. 104-113, 2010.
Steinke, F. H.; Prescher, E. E.; Hopkins, D. T. Nutritional evaluation (PER) of isolated soybean protein and combinations
of food proteins. Journal of Food Science, v. 45, p. 323-327, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb02606.x
Sutharsingh, D. C. R.; Kavimani, S.; Jayakar, B.; Uvarani, M.; Thangathirupathi, A. Quantitative phytochemical estimation
and antioxidant studies on aerial parts of Naravelia zeylanica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies
and Research, v. 2, no. 2, p. 52-56, 2011.
Takatsuji, T.; Kao, M. C.; Fang, J. Y.; Zouboulis, C. C.; Zhang, L.; Gallo, R. L.; Huang, C. M. Antimicrobial property of
lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: Its therapeutic potential for inflammatory Acne vulgaris. The
Journal of Investigative Dermatology, v. 129, no. 10, p. 2480-2488, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.93
Türkez, H.; Celik, K.; Togar, B. Effects of copaene, a tricyclic sesquiterpene, on human lymphocytes cells in vitro.
Cytotechnology, v. 66, no. 4, p. 597-603, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-013-9611-1
Uyeda, S.; Sharmin, T.; Satho, T.; Irie, K.; Watanabe, M.; Hosokawa, M.; Hiramatsu, Y.; Koga, T.; Nakashima, Y.; Kashige, N.;
Toda, A.; Mishima, K.; Miake, F. Enhancement and regulation effect of myrcene on antibody response in immunization with ovalbumin
and Ag85B in mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, v. 34, no. 4, p. 314-323, 2016.
Vidrih, R.; Filip, S.; Hribar, J. Content of higher fatty acids in green vegetables. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, v. 27,
special issue, p. S125-S129, 2009.
Wenger, M.; Sieber-Ruckstuh, N. S.; Müller, C.; Reusch, C. E. Effect of trilostane on serum concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol,
and potassium in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v. 65, no. 9,
p. 1245-1250, 2004. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1245
Yang, Z.; Bengtsson, M.; Witzgall, P. Host plant volatiles synergize response to sex pheromone in codling moth, Cydia pomonella.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 619-629, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joec.0000018633.94002.af
ISSN 2358-2731