Vol. 5, No. 11, p. 709-724 - Dec. 31, 2018
Comparative toxicity of botanical powders, diatomaceous earth, pirimiphos methyl, rice husk (powder and ash) against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)
M. O. Ashamo , A. I. Babalola and O. C. Ogungbite
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the comparative toxicity of seeds of Piper guineense Schum & Thonn, Capsicum annum L., diatomaceous earth, pirimiphos-methyl dust, rice husk (powder and ash) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored cowpea seeds. Toxicity test was carried out by exposing five pairs each of freshly emerged beetles to the substrate materials at the rates of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/20 g of grains. The experiment conducted at ambient temperature of 28 oC + 2 oC and 75% + 5% relative humidity was replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. Adult mortality was observed for four days. The following phytochemicals were observed in the materials: alkaloids, saponins, tannin, flavonoid and glycosides. Results of the toxicity assay revealed that rice husk ash was the most toxic to adult C. maculatus with 100% mortality (p < 0.05) within 72 h of exposure at a concentration of 0.1 g/20 g grains. Pirimiphos methyl gave a significantly high mortality of 76.67% at a concentration of 0.2 g/20 g of grains in cowpea after 72 h of application. The least efficacy was observed with rice husk powder evoking 3.33% at a dosage of 0.3 g/20 g in cowpea. The treated grains significantly reduced the oviposition and adult emergence of C. maculatus and were significantly different from the control in all the different dosages. Oviposition and adult emergence were lowest in rice husk ash with 8 eggs and 24.62% adult emergence in C. maculatus, at 0.5 g/20 g dosage. The percentage adult emergence in the untreated grains was significantly different (higher) (p > 0.05) from the emergence in the treated cowpea grains across the dosages. At all levels of dosages, the powders and ash significantly reduced weight loss, damage and weevil perforation index caused by the beetle. Rice husk ash at 0.5 g dosage recorded the lowest weight loss, grain damage and weevil perforation index of 0.40%, 1.95% and 5.80%, respectively. The findings from this research showed that rice husk ash was most potent/toxic to C. maculatus and its use could be encouraged especially in small scale storage.
Keywords
Callosobruchus maculatus; Phytochemicals; Toxicity; Adult emergence; Diatomaceous earth.
DOI
10.21472/bjbs.051109
Full text
PDF
References
Adedire, C. O.; Ajayi, T. S. Assessment of the insecticidal properties of some plant extracts as grain
protectant against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Nigerian Journal of Entomology,
v. 13, p. 93-101, 1996.
Adedire, C. O.; Obembe, O. O.; Akinkurolere, R. O.; Oduleye S. O. Response of Callosobruchus
maculatus (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae: Bruchidae) to extracts of cashew kernels. Journal of
Plant Disease and Protection, v. 118, no. 2, p. 75-79, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03356385
Arnaud, L.; Lang, H. T. T.; Brostaux, Y.; Haubruge, E. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth formulations
admixed with grain against populations of Tribolium castaneum. Journal of Stored Products
Research, v. 41, p. 121-130, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2003.09.004
Ashamo, M. O.; Odeyemi, O. O.; Akinneye, J. O. Eficacy of some plant extracts as post-harvest grain
protectants against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. FUTA
Journal of Research in Sciences, v. 9, no. 2, p. 217-224, 2013a.
Ashamo, M. O.; Odeyemi, O. O.; Ogungbite, O. C. Protection of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)
with Newbouldia laevis (Seem.) extracts against infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus
(Fabricius). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, v. 46, no. 11, p. 1295-1306, 2013b.
Athanassiou, C. G.; Vayias, B. J.; Dimizas, C. B.; Kavallieratos, N. G.; Papagregoriou, A. S.; Buchelos,
C. T. Insecticidal efficacy of diatomaceous earth against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) and Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on stored wheat: Influence
of dose rate, temperature and exposure interval. Journal of Stored Products Research, v. 41,
p. 47-55, 2005.
Badii, K. B.; Asante, S. K.; Bayorbor, T. B. Susceptibility of some Kersting's groundnut landrace
cultivars to Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Science and
Technology, v. 31, p. 11-20, 2011.
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. Prevention of Post-harvest food losses. Rome: FAO, 1985.
(Training Series, 10).
Fatope, M. O.; Mann, A.; Takeda, Y. Cowpea weevil bioassay: A simple prescreen for plants with grain
protectant effects. International Journal of Pest Management, v. 41, p. 44-86, 1995.
Golnaz, S.; Mohammad, H. S.; Sohrab, I. Insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth against Callosobruchus
maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
under laboratory conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 6, no. 24, p. 5464-5468,
2011.
Harborne, J. Phytochemical methods. London: Chapman and Hall, 1973.
Ileke, K. D.; Odeyemi, O. O.; Ashamo, M. O. Phytochemical screening and effectiveness of Alstonia boonei
De Wild oils as an entomocides in the management of cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). International Journal of Horticulture, v. 4, no. 6, p. 24-31, 2014.
Ileke, K. D.; Olotuah, O. F. Bioactivity Anacardium occidentale (L) and Allium sativum (L) powders
and oil extracts against cowpea Bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus. International Journal of Biology,
v. 4, no. 1, p. 96-103, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2003.09.004
Korunic, Z. Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of diatomaceous earths without conducting bioassays.
Journal of Stored Products Research, v. 33, p. 219-229, 1997.
Makkar, H. P.; Blummel, M.; Borowy, N. K.; Becker, K. Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations
with chemical and protein precipitation methods. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture, v. 61, p. 161-165,
1993. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740610205
Obadoni, B.; Ochuko, P. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic
plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal for Pure Applied Sciences, v. 8, p. 203-208, 2001.
Odeyemi, O. O.; Daramola, A. M. Storage practices in the tropics: Food storage and pest problems. 1. ed.
Nigeria: Dave Collins Publication, 2000.
Ofuya, T. I.; Adler, C. S. Comparative lethality of three insecticidal plant powders, a diatomaceous earth and their
mixtures to adults of four storage beetles. FUTA Journal of Research in Sciences, v. 11, no. 2, p. 305-314, 2015.
Ogunwolu, E. O.; Idowu, O. Potential of powdered Zanthoxylum zanthoxylloides root bark and Azadirachta
indica seed for the control of cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus. Nigerian Journal of
African Zoology, 108, p. 521-528, 1994.
Oigiangbe, O. N.; Igbinosa I. B.; Tamo, M. Insecticidal properties of an alkaloid from Alstonia boonei De Wild.
Journal of Biopesticide, v. 3, no. 1, p. 265-270, 2010.
Yang, Z.; Zhao, B.; Zhu, L.; Fang, J.; Xia, L. Inhibitory effects of alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroids on
feeding, development and reproduction of Clostera anastomosis. Front for China, v. 1, no 2, p. 190-195,
2006.
Yang, F. L.; Liang, G. W.; Xu, Y. J.; Lu, Y. Y. Zeng, L. Diatomaceous earth enhances toxicity of garlic, Allium
sativum essential oil against stored products pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, v. 46, p. 118-123,
2010.