Phytochemistry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro anti-bacterial activities of Desplatsia dewevrei (De Wild. & T. Durand)

Oghale Ovuakporie-Uvo , MacDonald Idu and Anne O. Itemire

Abstract
Phytochemicals have been reported to have direct and/or indirect influence on the antibacterial potentials of useful plants. The present study was aimed at determining the phyto-components by traditional methods and GC-MS analysis alongside testing the anti-bacterial activities of Desplatsia dewevrei leaves and fruits. The maceration of 500 g of Desplatsia dewevrei powder in methanol yielded 5.7 g of extract. Qualitatively coumarins were found to be richly present in the leaves while, quinones were most evidently present in the fruits of Desplatsia dewevrei. Quantitative analyses show that the phenolic and tannic acid contents of Desplatsia dewevrei may be the chief compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity of the plant. GC-MS results of Desplatsia dewevrei fruits and leaves respectively showed Gas Chromatograms having 33 and 63 peaks representing different phyto-compounds. Of the 33 and 63 phyto-compounds, Cyclohexanepropanol, alpha.,2,2,6-tetrame-thyl and Farnesyl bromide were recurrent at different retention time. Although Desplatsia dewevrei showed no zone of inhibition for gram negative bacteria, its inhibitory effect on gram positive bacteria is significant. In conclusion, D. dewevrei is a phytochemical rich plant. However, a further study on the anti-bacterial effect of Desplatsia dewevrei using solvent extracts other than methanol is recommended for future incorporation in drug development.

Keywords
Desplatsia dewevrei; Phytochemistry; GC-MS; Antibacterial.

DOI
10.21472/bjbs.051016

Full text
PDF

References
Abok, J. I.; Manulu, C. TLC analysis and GC-MS profiling of hexane extract of Syzygium guineense leaf. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, v. 5, no. 1, p. 261-265, 2017.

Abuga, I. The Phytochemicals of Onion as affected by Inorganic Fertilizer. International Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 1, no. 5, p. 30-40, 2014.

Agrawal, M. S. BJR supplements and radiotherapy treatment planning data: A review. Journal of Medical Physics, v. 25, no. 1, p. 20-26, 2000.

AOAC - Association of Official Analytical Chemist. Official method of analysis. 18. ed. Maryland, USA: AOAC, 2005.

Boopathi, A. C.; Sivakumar, R. Phytochemical screening studies on the leaves and stem of Andrographis neesiana wight: An endemic medicinal plant from India. World Applied Science Journal, v. 12, no. 3, p. 307-311, 2011.

Cicco, N.; Lanorte, M. T., Paraggio, M.; Viggiano, M.; Lattanzio V. A reproducible, rapid and inexpensive Folin-Ciocalteu Micro Method in determining phenolics of plant methanol extracts. Microchemical Journal, v. 91, p. 107-110, 2009.

Collins, M. D.; Jones, D. Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural types in bacteria and their taxonomic implications. Microbiology Reviews, v. 45, p. 316-354, 1981.

Cong, Z.; Meiling, Q. I.; Qinglong, S.; Shan, Z.; Ruonong, F. Analysis of the volatile compounds in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort using HS-SPME-GCMS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Analysis, v. 44, p. 464-470, 2007.

Dhivya, M.; Kalaichelvi, K. Phytochemical studies and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight and Arn. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, v. 10, no. 3, p. 462-466, 2017.

Edeoga, H. O.; Okwu, D. E.; Mbaebie, B. O. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal Plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, v. 4, no. 7, p. 685-686, 2005.

Evans, W. C. Pharmacognosy. 14. ed. London: W.B. Sauders, 1996.

Harisaranraj, R.; Suresh, K.; Saravanababu, S. Evaluation of the chemical composition Rauwolfiaser pentina and Ephedra vulgaris. Advaced Biological Resource, v. 3, no. 56, p. 174-178, 2009.

Haux, J.; Lam, M.; Marthinsen, A. B. L.; Strickert, T.; Lundgren, S. Digitoxin, in non-toxic concentrations, induces apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells in vitro. Z. Onkologie, v. 31, p 14-20, 1999.

Hess, A.; Hollander, R.; Mannheim, W. Lipoquinones of some spore-forming rods, lactic-acid bacteria and actinomycetes. Journal of General Microbiology, v. 115, p. 247-252, 1979.

Hites, R. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. In: Settle, F. A. (Ed.). Handbook of instrumental techniques for analytical chemistry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 1997. p. 609-611.

Idu, M. The plant called medicine. Benin City, Edo State: Uniben Press, 2011.

Inoue Y.; Hada, T. A.; Shiraishi, K.; Hirore, H.; Hamashima; Kobayashi, S. Biphasic effects of geranylgeraniol, terpenone and phytol on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., v. 49, p. 1770-1774, 2005.

Iqbal, E.; Salim, K. A.; Lim, L. B. L. Phytochemical screening. Total phenolics and Antioxidant Activities of Bark and Leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. Journal of King Saud University - Science, v. 27, p. 224-232, 2015.

Iyamah, P.; Famuti, A.; Idu, M. GC-MS and Molecular docking studies for identification of anti-malarial compounds in Agbo-Iba PMII-a polyherbal formulation. Chemistry Research Journal, v. 2, no. 1, p. 46-56, 2017.

Jain, P. K.; Joshi, H. Coumarin: Chemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, v. 2, no. 6, p. 236-240, 2012.

Joshi, A. D.; Parsons. D. W.; Velculescu, V. E.; Riggins, G. J. Sodium ion channel mutations in glioblastoma patients correlate with shorter survival. Molecular Cancer, v. 10, p. 17-19, 2011.

Kalimuthu, K.; Prabakaran R. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Ceropegia pusilla. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, v. 1, no. 3, p. 49-58, 2013.

Kalita, P.; Barman, T. K.; Pal., T. K.; Kalita, R. Estimation of total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activities of methanolic whole plant extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. Journal of Drug Delivery Therapy, v. 3, p. 33-37, 2013.

Kandaswami, C. E.; Perkins, D. S.; Solonink, G.; Arzewiecki, M. E. Anti-preventative effects of citrus flavonoids on human squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Cancer Letter, v. 56, p. 147-152, 1994.

Keay, R. W. J. Trees of Nigeria. New York: Clarendon Press Oxford, 1989.

Kingston, D. G. I. Taxol and other anticancer agents from plants. In: Coombes, J. D. (Ed.). New drugs from natural sources. London: IBC Technical Services, 1992. p. 101-119.

Ladan, Z.; Amupitan, J. O.; Oyewale, O. A.; Ayo, R. G.; Temple, E.; Ladan, E. O. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Hyptis spicigera plant. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 8, no. 5, p. 83-88, 2014.

Liu, J. W. H. Extraction and isolation of compounds from herbal medicines. In: Liu, W. J. H. (Ed.). Traditional herbal medicine research methods: Identification, analysis, bioassay, and pharmaceutical and clinical studies. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.

Machado, M.; Pires, P.; Dinis, A. M.; Santos Rosa, M.; Alves, V.; Salgueiro, L.; Cavaleiro, M. C.; Sousa, C.; Machado, M. Aldheides monoterpenes as potential anti-Leishmania agents: Activity of Cymbopongon citratus and citral on L. infantum, L. tropica and L. major. Experimental Parasitology, v. 5, p. 1-9, 2012.

Manikandan, L.; Senthilkumar, G. P.; Rajesh, L. T.; Suresh, R. Cancer chemopreventive agents from medicinal plants. In: Trivedi, P. C. Medicinal plants: Ethnobotanical approach. India: Agrobios, 2006.

Mathew, B.; Jatawa, S. K.; Tiwaari, A. Phytochemical analysis of Citrus limonum pulp and peel. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 4, n. 2, p. 269-371, 2012.

Menger, L.; Vacchelli, E.; Kepp, O.; Eggermont, A.; Tartour, E.; Zitvogel, L.; Kroemer, G.; Galluzzi, L. Trial watch: Cardiac glycosides and cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology, v. 2, no. 2, p. 23082-230827, 2013.

Miliauskas, G.; Vensketonis, P. R.; Van Beck, T. A. Screening of radical scavenging of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry, v. 85, p. 231-237, 2004.

Mirunalini, S.; Krishnaveni, M.; Ambily, V. Effects of raw (Allium sativum) on hyperglycemia in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologyonline, v. 2, p. 968-974, 2011.

Nasu, S.; Milas, L.; Kawabe, S.; Raju, U.; Newman, R. Enhancement of radiotherapy by oleandrin is a cas-pase-3 dependent process. Cancer Letter, v. 185, p. 1451-51, 2002.

Obadoni, B. O.; Ochuko, P. O. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, v. 8, p. 203-208, 2001.

Okigbo, R. N.; Anuagasi, C. L.; Amadi, J. E. Advances in selected medicinal and aromatic plants indigenous to Africa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 86-95, 2009.

Okwu, D. E. Phytochemicals, vitamins and mineral content of two Nigerian medicinal plants. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advance Sciences, v. 1, no. 4, p. 375-381, 2005.

Okwu, D. E.; Okwu, M. E. Chemical composition of Spondia mombin plants. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment, v. 6, p. 140-147, 2004.

Omoregie, E. S.; Osagie, A. U. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of some Nigerian plants on nutritionally stressed rats. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, v. 20, no. 1, p. 7-20, 2012.

Omoregie, G. O.; Idu, M.; Ovuakporie-Uvo, O. GC-MS analysis of the aqueous extracts of Buchholzia coriacea Engl. (Capparidaceae), seeds. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, v. 5, no. 3, p. 26-32, 2015.

Osemeobo, G. J.; Ujor, G. The non-wood forest products of Nigeria. Data collection and analysis for sustainable forest management in ACP Countries - Linking National and International Efforts. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Department of Forestry, 1999.

Ovuakporie-Uvo, O.; Idu M. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Desplatsia dewevrei (De Wild. & T. Durand) Burret by the Bini Tribe, Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine, v. 3, no. 3, p. 129-132, 2017.

Ovuakporie-Uvo, O.; Idu M., Obarisiagbon, P.; Abode C. Analgesic, pro and anti inflammatory activities of Desplatsia dewevrei: Cytokine gene expression using Wistar rats and mice. Journal of Phytopharmacology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 185-190, 2018.

Pan, S.-Y;; Pan, S.; Yu, Z. L.; Ma, D. L; Chen, S. B.; Fong, W. F.; Han, Y. F.; Ko, K. M. New perspectives on innovative drug discovery: An overview. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci., v. 13, no. 3, p. 450-471, 2010.

Polshettiwar, S. A.; Ganjiwale, R. O. Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some Ayurvedic eye drops. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 69, no, 4, p. 574-576, 2007.

Rajanandh, M. G.; Kavitha, J. Quantitative estimation of ß-sitosterol, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of Moringa oleifera. International Journal of PharmTech Research, v. 2, p. 1409-1414, 2010.

Rajeshwari, C. U.; Andallu, B. Medicinal benefits of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L). Spatula DD, v. 1, p. 51-58, 2011.

Rajeswari, J.; Rani, S. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of root of Lawsonia inermis Linn. International Journal of ChemTech Research, v. 7, no. 1, p. 389-399, 2015.

Riaz, T.; Muhammad, A. A.; Aziz-Ur-R.; Tayyaba, S.; Muhammad, A.; Khalid, M. K. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of D. viscose. J. Serb. Chem. Soc., v. 77, no. 4, p. 423-435, 2012.

Sathiyabalan, G.; Packia Lincy, M.; Muthukumarasamy, S.; Mohan, V. R. GC-MS Analysis of bioactive components of Petiveria alliacea L. Whole plant (Phytolaccaceae). International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences, v. 2, no. 5, p. 387-392, 2014.

Selvamangai, G.; Bhaskar A. GC-MS analysis of phyto-components in the methanolic extract of Eupatorium triplinerve. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, v. 2, no. 3, Suppl., p. S1329-S1332, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60410-9

Sofowora, E. A. Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books, 1993.

Sofowora, E. A. Medicinal plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. Nigeria: John Wiley and Sons, 2008.

Sun, B.; Ricardo-da-Silva, J. M.; Spranger, I. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 46, p. 4267-4274, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf980366j

Thornes, R. D.; Lynch, G.; Sheehan, M. W. Relationship between structure and anti-coagulant activity of coumarin derivatives. Lancet, v. 2, p. 328-339, 1982.

Vladimir, K.; Ludmila, M. Glycosides in Medicine: The role of glycosidic residue in biological activity. Current Medical Chemistry, v. 8, p. 1303-1328, 2001.

Wang, L.; Raju, U.; Milas, L.; Molkentine, D.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, P., Cohen, L.; Meng, Z.; Liao, Z. Huachansu, containing cardiac glycosides, enhances radio-sensitivity of human lung cancer cells. Anticancer Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 2141-2148, 2011.

Weitz, J. I. Blood coagulation and anti-coagulant, thrombolytic and anti-platelet drugs. In: Brunton, L. L.; Chabner, B. A.; Knollmann, B. C. Goodman and Gilman's: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11. ed. San Diego: McGraw-Hill, 2006.